Weighwood Case Essay Example for Free

Weighwood Case EssayWhen Wedgwood started his business, pottery industry is already established, comprises many small(a) players around the country. He started with a small production facility, incorporated his experience from working in family business and many years in the industry. His passion and innovative ideas military serviceed him expand his business and grew to suit a big player in potter industry. Wedgwood was a differentiator company, specifically a late mover in the industry. Wedgwood gained competitive advantages through innovation, creativity, and firm marketing strategies. Innovation and creativity were the key to Wedgwood success, including the invention of creamware and white pottery. Josiah focused on bringing new ideas to the design of his products, finding new raw materials to help producing better products, and building/creating machines with latest technology to help with efficiency and uniformity.His wife specialized in pottery design and coloring which help their products differentiate from early(a) plain pottery products in the market. Moreover, the sustained competitive advantage Wedgwood had, was the result of good marketing strategies with help from Josiahs partner, Bentley. Base on the reading, marketing strategies Wedgwood used were establishing showroom, inaction selling strategy, and promotion through gamy grade people (Queen). Wedgwood was also the first one in the industry have brand name on every products.Wedgwood were so successful in England until its number of productions exceed the number of sale which cause the company to stock up a very high inventory. This opportunity caused Wedgwood to expand internationally to many countries in Europe and China. Wedgwood leverage its competitive advantage through demand side scope economy. Firstly, company infallible new outlet for products that overproduced for local market. The example from class discussion would be shock case. Coke and Pepsi competed with each other until the market were fully saturated, then Coke started to go global to exploit other markets in other countries. Wedgwood introduced its products to many countries in Europe and to China. Wedgwoods products were new to international market because of their design, coloring, uniformity.Wedgwood also used inaction selling strategies which company send products to consumer in a package with invoice and consumers can either buy or return the products at no equal to them. This strategy was to create demand for company products. Secondly, there were potential benefits to company to expand internationally because of the increasing spending on nonessential or sumptuosity goods around European countries. Shipping methods also became more secured and convenience. As a result, Wedgwoods products were sold internationally to meet the demand in the form of luxury or nonessential goods.To better understand of how above strategies would work internationally and how Wedgwood sustained its comp etitive, the products were global products. All of the products were produced in home country, England, and then ship to other countries to retail store or direct sell to consumers. Wedgwood also established showroom in many countries to display its products, and make people wants its products. Wedgwood was not adapt to local market in different countries but to sell its home products and position their image just as intended. The example that relates to this idea was the discussion in class about the case which Apple open an Apple Store in Beijing. Apple products are also global products. Apples positioning strategy is uniform all around the world. Wedgwoods products were also uniform and mass produced in England and they do not need to be modified to fit to foreign market.

Overview of Martin Luthers Christian Liberty Essay Example for Free

Overview of Martin Luthers Christian Liberty EssayMartin Luthers pamphlet, Christian Liberty, describes his feelings towards the church. He did non stand for with what the Church did. For example, the church service had too many restrictions. Meaning that you could not practice another religion. Also, the Church had indulgences, which are supposed to be where if someone nether regionned, they would go to the church and pray, and have the church forgive you. But the idea of indulgences to the Catholic Church was if you sinned, then you were to pay a certain amount of money and then your sin would have been forgotten. Luther thought the Church should be about faith, not completely about spot and money.In the pamphlet, Luther believes that faith nurtures the body and soul. He believed that the Church did not believe in that. Luther eventually broke away from the Church for several reasons. Some reasons were how the Church made people pay for their indulgences, how that they had too many restrictions, and how the Church had so much power and how they abused it. Luther stated in his pamphlet, From this anyone can clearly see how a Christian is free from all things and over all things so that he take ins no flora to make him righteous and save him, since faith alone abundantly confers all these things.Luther in this sentence is state how things such as indulgences are not needed to make him a better Christian, but if a man has enough faith, it alone will do the job. Luther also states that for preachers not to preach only about repentance, but also about the faith of the religion. The criticism that Luther has towards the preachers was that they abused authority that they dont preach command custodyts and promises, and they dont work completely out of serving ones neighbor they do it seeking their own profit. Luther was also angry with priests who use the word of Christ to make people dislike Jews. He believes that they should pray for the people and teach the people by example.Martin Luthers solutions took the middle course and faced up too how, They want to show that they are free men and Christians only by despising and finding fault with ceremonies. What Luther meant by this was that the religious ceremonies done was not how they used to be now they entail only the power that the Church has among the people. Luther believed that you should join a church and do as they say not to gain righteousness, but outof compliments for them. He said this by, I will fast, pray, do this and that as men command, not because it is necessary to my righteousness or salvation but that I may show due respect to the pope, the bishop, the community, a magistrate, or my neighbor.Martin Luther believed of three powers or benefits of faith. One was that Christians are free from the land. If we honor God, he will honor us. He will see us as righteous and truthful people. opinion writes the soul with Christ. Christian soul therefore has all the good characteristics of Christ. Also Luther believes that faith gives us freedom. He states this by writing, It is clear, then, that a Christian has all he needs in faith and needs no works to justify him and if he needs no need of works, he has no need of the law and if he has no need of the law, surely he is free from the law.Since we are not perfect on earth, works help keep us moving towards our goal of perfection. Do works freely, only to please God. This is said by, however, we are not wholly recreated, and our faith and cacoethes are not yet perfect, these are to be increased, not by external works, however but of themselves. Through work, think only to benefit others. Faith is active through love. Luther stated this by, we should devote all our works to the welfare of others.But works, being inanimate things, cannot glorify God, although they can, if faith is present, be done to the nimbus of God. What Luther is stating here is if you have enough faith, then you can make the p resence of God true. Because works dont lead to righteousness, but with faith works can be done to the glory of God.

Speech Males And Females Communication Differences English Language Essay

Speech Males And Females Communication Differences English Language EssayIntroductionThe differences in linguistic paths between males and females concord exercised linguistic researchers for decades (e.g. Trudgill 1972 Lakoff 1975 Labov 1990 Coates 1998). It has been argued for most time that some consistent differences survive in patois, Holmes (1993). Although the interpretation of such differences remains somewhat elusive. Most previous work has investigated evident phonological and pragmatic differences between male and female language mathematical function in lyric (e.g. Trudgill 1972 Key 1975 Holmes 1990 Labov 1990 Eckert 1997).Several statistical pheno custodya develop emerged that appear to be fairly stable across a variety of contexts. For example, females seem to talk more than about relationships than do males (Aries Johnson 1983 Tannen 1990) and part more compliments and apologies (Holmes 1988 Holmes 1989) and facilitative pit questions (Holmes 1984). Holm es (1993) has suggested that these and other phenomena might be generalized to a number of universals including that females are more attentive to the affective function of conversation and more prone to use linguistic devices that solidify relationships. However, interpretation of the underlying linguistic phenomena, particularly as regards their specific communicative functions, is the subject of considerable controversy (Bergvall et al 1996). For example, it has been argued (Cameron et al 1988) that the use of facilitative tag questions by women might be more plausibly interpreted as signs of conversational control than as signs of subordination, as had been previously contended (Lakoff 1975). Nevertheless, by and large speaking, the differences between female and male language use appear to be centered about the interaction between the linguistic actor and his or her linguistic context.Are gender issues just women issues?No, but it is understandable that many people think so. T his is because in most societies women are subordinated to men. And they are thought to be outclassed to men. Many women do not accept this, and on that pointfore they challenge the government agency their culture and society ascribes them an inferior position and an inferior role. That means, it often tends to be women who salary increase the issue of gender. But gender refers just as much to the position and role of men in society.Are gender differences in communication patterns associate to to power?When people are strangers, they expect less competence from women than from men. But if women are known to have prior experience or expertise related to the task, or if women are assigned leadership roles, then women show greatly increased verbal behaviors in mixed-sex groups. Educated professionals who have high social condition were less likely to use powerless language, regardless of gender. Thus, differences are linked to power, and are context-specific. Differences are soc ially created and on that pointfore may be socially altered.Studies have found that talking time is related both to gender (because men spend more time talking than women) and to organizational power (because the more sizable spend more time talking than the less powerful).Who Talks More, Men or Women? A common cultural stereotype describes women as being talkative, invariably speaking and expressing their feelings. Well, this is probably true provided, do women do it more than men? No In fact an experiment designed to measure the amount of speech produced suggested that men are more prone to use up more talking time than women. An experiment b y Marjorie Swacker entailed using three pictures by a fifteenth century Flemish artist, Albrecht Durer which were bear witnessed to men and women separately. They were told to take as much time as they compulsioned to describe the pictures. The comely time for males 13.0 minutes, and the average time for women 3.17 minutes.Why is this? Sociolinguists try to retrace the connection between our society and our language in a way that suggests that women talk less because it has not unceasingly been as culturally acceptable as it has been for men. Men have tended to take on a more dominant role not only in the household, but in the business world. This ever-changing concept is becoming less applicable in our society, however, the trend is still prominent in some societies across the world. It is more acceptable for a man to be talkative, carry on long conversation, or a give a long wordy speech, however it is less acceptable for a women to do so. It has been more of a historical trend for men have more rights to talk. However , it is common for men to be more silent in situations that require them to express emotion. Since childhood, they have been told to keep their cool and remain calm, be a man.Literature ReviewThe different sources that Ive sound out and used in the literature review presented different points of view and analysis for the subjects by reliable writers and authorities in this issue. All the sources that were used assume that there is a real difference in communication between males and females, and they agreed that there were many misunderstandings or misinterpretations in communication between genders. However, each term and source presented its own examination of the miscommunication, and they proposed different ways by which to investigate this social issue.According to an article entitled Differences in Gender Communication (2005) there is another form of differences between genders. Communication can be verbal, non verbal, or written because people can communicate also using the mail system, the written way is added to the interpersonal communication in addition of course to the verbal and non verbal ways. From reading this article, it was clear that gender differences in communication existed also in the written way because we can determine the gender of a person ju st by reading its written words.The differences that exist between genders and the reason wherefore women cant be more like a man play an important role in the creation of misunderstanding in communication. Also differences present the essential causes that lead to a disagreement in communication between the two genders. There are some factors that contribute to the instinctive differences that exist between genders for instance, there are biological ones, also there is a kind of competitiveness that exists between men and women. In addition, the cultural part enters also into consideration. other point stated by Hill (2002) is that, there are many styles of communication. These styles are the result of many factors where were from, how and where we were brought up, our educational background, our age, and it also can look on our gender (p. 87). In communication, generally men and women have special manners and styles of speaking also a specific subject, Coates (1986, p 23).Many s tudies have been through with(p) to clarify the difference in communication between men and women. According to Canaray and Dindia (2006)Researchers typically report that men are more likely to emerge as leaders, to be directive and hierarchical, to dominate in groups by talking more and interrupting more. In contrast, women are found to be more expressive, supportive, facilitative, egalitarian, and cooperative than men, and to focus more on relationships and share more personally with others From this description of the difference between men and women at a level of behaviors, it was clear that women convey their ideas and feelings and cooperate more than men who necessitate to be the leaders and to direct.In addition, the difference between genders in communication causes misunderstanding and leads to conflicts. For example, women might disclose their feelings and the problems that they are facing, but men think that women need help, so they start giving advice and trying to hel p. However, women behave like that in order to get closer to others not to get solutions (Gray, 1992, p 96).Another important point argued in the research of Tanner (2002) is the reason why difference exists in communication between genders. It is said that these differences should not exist because men and women might belong to the same environment as being neighbors or brothers and sisters, yet the difference is present even if they have a connatural background. The dissimilarity rises from the games that boys and girls play since their childhood, and the groups they form. For example, boys form a big group and one is the leader however, girls tend to form small groups and they disclose their feelings and their opinions (Tanner, 2002).Torppa claims that women and men sometimes dig the same messages to have different meanings (2002, p112). That is due to the difference in the way of interpreting messages by the two genders. In fact, women are more likely to depend on others. In o ther words, women want to establish an emotional and passionate interdependence with men. Moreover, women try to satisfy the others as much as possible to make everyone satisfied, merry and happy whereas men more often stick to their independence and try to keep it intact whatever the situation may be. Besides, the spirit of arguing inside them let these ones think of themselves more than any other one. Nevertheless, the misunderstandings between these two genders are generally due to a difference in the way each one expresses oneself. Many examples of the normal life analysed by Torppa revealed that misunderstandings can be caused by a distortion in the manner people want to manifest their emotions and feelings to the other sex women tend more to use words while men prefer generally to show them with acts. The possible way for contend with miscommunication is to try to be aware of the differences that exist with the other sex as well as to figure out what is the point of view or the be given from which the other sees the situation.Lakoff (1975) pioneering work suggested that womens speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to eliminate to treat her seriously as a human being (1975, p.5).As what was said before, the difference of communication between men and women can trigger some misunderstandings, and in order to overcome this problem men and women should deal with each other as if they are from different cultures. They should not misinterpret words and dead body language, and try to understand what the other wants to convey. Moreover, they have to clarify and make sure that they understand the other by asking questions and doing perception checking (Lathrop, 2006).ConclusionThe differences between genders in communication exist, not only i n the verbal way but also in the non-verbal one was proved true. Moreover, these differences in communication are mostly due to culture, education and biologic origin. The consequences of these differences in communication which is misunderstandings that also proved right. However, new ideas also found in such as the fact that a significant number of men are concerned about this issue and have feelings of disappointment when facing misunderstandings with the other sex.No matter what communication style there is both men and women will communicate in different ways. Men will take the approach of instrumental communication style where they want the answer right away and establish their hierarchy. Women, on the other hand, will be more of an expressive style of communication as they will be able to confide to others and are more sensitive to issues than men and they will be able to build, maintain, and strengthen their relationship.

The Skills Of Professional Networking

The Skills Of Professional NetworkingProfessional Networking is a widely use skill that umpteen people lack. at that place are four main steps that a person must(prenominal) focus on while trying to strain an hard-hitting professional person lucre. The first step in building an telling professional interlock is to contact stage occupati superstars in the top hat possible guidance. Next, it is extremely important to build an individual relationship with from from each one one business. Giving an effective intromission is the third step. The last and ongoing step is to maintain the stream relationship while expanding the network to in the buff contacts.There are many benefits to professional networking. Having an come forthstanding professional network can lead to ultimate success. Better jobs and stronger support can pick out from this. There are many different ways that a person can build an effective profession network. This leads to the essential question.Essenti al QuestionHow does a person build an effective professional network?Supporting QuestionsWhat is the best way to contact businesses?What is the best way to build an individual relationship with each business?What is the near effective way to give a presentation?What is the best way to maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts?What is the best way to contact businesses?It is impossible to build a relationship without first having contact with any businesses. Beverly Newton, Nebraska FBLA State Adviser, Career Field Specialist, Communication and development Systems, claimed, The best way to contact a business is through a personal contact from someone you know who has recommended a specific name in the business to contact. It is too appropriate to write a letter to the name recommended to you and then indicate that you give follow-up the letter with a phone scrub (personal e-mail, December 20, 2010). In retrospect, the first and some importan t step for someone who wants to contact businesses is to work towards building connections through networking. However, if a person was not learned enough to start early, there is still hope for them.For someone who is just starting, they need to focus on friends and family. In making personal contacts, the person must start small with the businesses closest to him or her. This is extremely important because as Lao-tzu (2004) utter, A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step (para. 1) taking these small steps pull up stakes lead to future success. Randall Hansen (2010) from Quintessential Careers states, There is probably not an easier way to expand your network than to simply ask your current friends, family, and associations for the contact information of others whom they think would be beneficial for you to know. The friend-of-a-friend connection is quite strong and usually very successful (para. 4). Once these smaller contacts have been established, it is m to use them to enlarge the network. Every business will be related to many other businesses in some way. Be reliable to use these preceding(prenominal) connections to expand and imprint new connections. Peoples previous contacts can be extremely important for future development.There are numerous ways to contact businesses. The most prolific way is to begin at an early age and build contacts throughout an entire lifetime. Since everyone knows someone else, the friend-of-a-friend connection is the best possible method to attain contacts. But, just because there are these contacts, does not necessarily mean that they will be willing to negotiate. It is extremely important to write a professional business letter to each business. This format consists of a heading, the date, the opening, the body, and then a conclusion. After the conclusion, a farewell and a signature with the name and title printed below should be included. In these letters, the writer needs to sound sincere and profe ssional. The contactor should be sure to ask for support from the business, not a monetary donation. Following these steps will result in many business contacts.What is the best way to build an individual relationship with each business?Contacting is easy, but the truly skilled will develop a relationship with each business they contact. A contact is just establishing of communication with someone or receiving of a significant signal from a person or object (Guralnik, 1970, p. 306). However, a relationship is a significant connection or similarity between two or more things (Guralnik, 1970, p. 1198). Matthew Moran (2010) thinks, oneness of the most pressing challenges with networking effectively is that many professionals never take the time to go where such relationships can happen (para. 21). This is important because in order to make a sustainable professional network, there must be a relationship to keep the network alive. Newton stated, It is important for the business to unde rstand what single-valued function you have for them. The business usually wants to do something other than donate money (personal e-mail, December 20, 2010).When attempting to build an individual relationship, it is essential to know the business purpose. A business representative will not be swayed to donate their support if the contactor does not even know how the business can be used. Having an organized and detailed course of study is extremely important, as well as sounding professional, sincere, personable, and confident. Doing these things will create a strong one-on-one bond with each business.What is the most effective way to give a presentation?Once the door is opened with a relationship, it is time to slam the door shut and strike up a comport with a presentation. Giving an effective presentation can be extremely knotty. Darrell Zahorsky has eight secrets to a knockout business presentation. These eight steps are pick up deep, avoid info overload, practice delivery, forget comedy, pick powerful props, minimize you, speak the language, and use simple slides (Zahorsky, 2010).Mastering these secrets can be extremely difficult and may require practice. Great presenters give their presentations numerous times to a plethora of audiences for practice before they give their polished show. However, a good presentation in itself will not be effective without further details. The presenter needs to be dressed in proper attire to give a professional look. This consists of a business suit for both men and women. Presenters must be there early in order to ensure that their equipment is running powerful and to introduce themselves to the companys business leaders.What is the best way to maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts?After closing the deal with an amazing presentation, be sure to keep the door locked by maintaining the relationship and open new doorways by expanding to new contacts. Follow-up with the business is important by connecting with the business at least(prenominal) twice during the year. (B. Newton, personal e-mail, December 20, 2010). After making a connection, establishing a relationship, and giving an effective presentation, it is extremely important to maintain each and every relationship. Jennifer Vo (2010) declared, never burn a bridge because no matter how big the industry is, companies within an industry often keep in close contact with one another (para. 5).The next step is to expand the network to new contacts. This whole process acts as a cycle. Since a lot of work has already been done, it is informed to reuse the letters that were previously written. Sometimes things need to be tweaked a little bit for improvement. Be sure to update all of the documents so they are viable.The final step of maintaining the current relationships, while expanding the network to new contacts, is extremely important. Since relationships take so much time and effort, no relationship ca n pay to be lost. Also, expansion is a necessity. A network without growth is the same as a dying network.How does a person build an effective professional network?There are many steps that must occur in order to build a professional network. These steps play out as a never-ending cycle. The first step is to contact the businesses. The friend-of-a-friend connection is the best possible method to attain contacts. Next, build an individual relationship with each business. Remember to have a purpose for each business. Also, there needs to be extra steps taken to reach this higher level. Giving an effective presentation is the third step. Be confident, dress appropriately, and practice, practice, practice. Lastly, it is a necessity to maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts. Every network needs to hold open to grow by attaining new contacts previous relationships also need to be maintained.All-in-all, communication is essential. Each of the four steps heavily incorporates communication as the most important piece. This communication is done through many forms, including verbal, written, and nonverbal. The contactor must be polished in every area in order to ensure his or her success. It is imperative to proofread each letter, practice each presentation, and send a professional message through physical appearance.When building an effective professional network remember to follow these four main steps contact the businesses, build an individual relationship, give an effective presentation, and maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts. Following these steps will create a strong professional network for the practicing individual. The network established will be a helpful shaft of light that can be employed throughout an entire lifetime. A single individual can build an effective professional network by utilizing basal communication skills and establishing business relationships.Annotated BibliographyHansen, R. S. Ph. D. (2010, November 4). How to build and expand your career network 10 proven techniques. Retrieved from http//www.quintcareers.com/expanding_career_network.html.This source was useful because it stated that using friends, family, and associations create strong connections. It also introduced the friend-of-a-friend connection that I referred back to several times throughout my paper. This source was very reliable and was extremely helpful.Guralnik, D. B. (Ed.). (1970). Websters new world dictionary of the American language. (p. 306 1198, second ed.). New York, NY The World Publishing Company.I used this to state the definitions of contact and relationship. This was important to my paper because I use both of these words numerous times. There is also a need to clarify the difference between the two.Moran, M. (2006, July 21). Professional networking made easy priming the pump. Retrieved from http//www.ciscopress.com/articles/printerfriendly.asp?p=486105.T his source explains the importance of building a relationship to keep a professional network alive. Without the information provided by this source my statements would not have any support.Tzu, L. (2004, September 1). The quotations page classic bring ups. Retrieved from http//www.quotationspage.com/quote/24004.html.I used this quote to back up my statement rough making personal contacts with people who are close to them. I also said how everyone has to start off small, so this quote works hand-in-hand with what I said.Vo, J. (2010, February 15). How to start networking the best ways to expand a professional network. Retrieved from http//www.suite101.com/content/how-to-start-networking-a198785.I used this resource to back myself up when I was talking about the importance of maintaining each and every relationship.Zahorsky, D. (2010). 8 secrets to a knockout business presentation. Retrieved from http//sbinformation.about.com/od/ sales/a/presentationtip.htm?p=1.This resource defined the eight steps of giving an effective business presentation. This was extremely important because one of my supporting questions was completely about how to give an effective business presentation.

The Restorative Justice Aims And Consequences Criminology Essay

The invigorating umpire Aims And Consequences Criminology EssayThe rationale behind this assignment is to highlight recuperative arbitrator and the aspects of it, in term of how it differs from the traditional legal nicety system. This will include a critical analysis of restorative justness opus evaluating its strengths and weaknesses as a divers(prenominal) betterment to annoyance control. I will identify to a lower placelying theory, legislation and policy that brought restorative evaluator to the forefront of opinion, and specific all(prenominal)y relate it to the blue Ireland crook jurist system. The aim is to identify if it is a meaningful system to all parties involved and why/if it is necessary in the present criminal justice system.IntroductionIn an age of hoodie culture and prison overcrowding, questions atomic number 18 being asked over the efficacy of the criminal justice system and how much of a deterrent from crime it authentically is. Following a long period of differing regimes, such as retri entirelyion, rehabilitation and restructure, all competing to be the dominant influence in the criminal justice system, at that place has emerged a new approach to crime control, that of restorative justice (Hughes, 2001, p247). The aim of this approach is to provide an opportunity for the rehabilitation of the wrongdoer, as well as penalization of the criminal behaviour, with a central role in regards to the rights of, and provision of justice for the dupe (Hughes, 2001, p248). The comm however accepted definition of restorative justice is Restorative justice is a swear out whereby parties with a stake in a specific disrespect collectively resolve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999, p5). fit to Hughes (2001) Restorative justice aims to bring the process of criminality back into the company, enabling all parties affected by criminal behaviour to be involved in working tow ards resolution and future planning (Hughes, 2001, p248). This is a new concept, as traditionally criminal justice was retri only whenive and aimed only to address the offence by punishing the offender.In recent years, restorative justice has been a process that has been adopted by an international audience, particularly the USA, Australia and New Zealand, each employing it to address round of the traditional concerns of the inningal justice system (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484) i.e. the effectiveness of prison acting as a deterrent for crime, or dupes lack of inclusion in the criminal justice process. The new restorative justice system aims to move a port from the traditional nonions of retribution into a new context of restoration. Most international traffic patterns are supported by Braithwaites (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming, which exerts the idea that the offender should be encouraged to experience shame for their actions and work towards absolution (OMahony and Do ak, 2004, p484). The process attempts to repair the relationship amidst the victim and the offender and begin a healing process designed to meet the needs of the victims, whilst also reintegrating the offender into party (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484). Braithwaites theory is based on the proposal that the process of restorative justice will address the needs of the victim materially, franticly and psychologically, whilst also helping them emerge from the process with much evaluate for the system (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484).Another theory of restorative justice was first introduced by the New Zealand Maori and their principles of collective responsibility, where restorative justice seeks to decentre the states status as the responsibility of relations with crime (Tauri and Morris, 2003, p44). Instead, operating by drawing together all those involved in an offence to an environment, promoting equal occasion relations, while discussing the harm caused, and jointly agreeing on how reformation faecal matter be made (Tauri and Morris, 2003, p44). A central comp whizznt to restorative justice is that the community is seen to be a key stakeholder in the offence (Zehr and Mika, 2003, p41). This can take a variety of forms, from the vicinity in which the offender and victim live, or their wider social networks of family, friends and colleagues (Zehr and Mika, 2003, p41). This allows for comprehensive information sharing beyond that of only the offender and victim, so that the scale of the harm caused by the offender can be explored. This is the main(prenominal) difference between the formal justice system and that of restorative justice, where all parties can contribute information of the offence and the harm caused, while also having an involvement into meaningful reparation.Restorative Justice in practiceRestorative justice in practice is a relatively new concept in the UK, having elements such as reparation orders in the Crime and Disorder turn (1998), a nd referral orders in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) (Crawford and Newburn, 2002, pp476-478). Within Northern Ireland it was the Criminal Justice Review (CJR) (2000) which provided recommendations to involve victims in the criminal justice process and develop restorative justice approaches for juvenile offenders. The review concluded that restorative practices for fully grown offenders and green adult offenders (aged 18-21) be piloted and evaluated before whole schemes are introduced (Criminal Justice Review, 2000, p203).Since then, indoors the UK and indeed internationally, there are the three common practices of restorative justice used within the criminal justice system, these are 1) Victim-Offender mediation (VOM) a face-to-face meeting with a trained mediator, the offender and the victim to discuss the offence and reparation. VOM is predominantly posted to incarcerated offenders. 2) Family Group Conferencing (FGC) in Youth Justice is capable to a wid er number of participants including the offender, victim, victims family and professionals who are linked to either party, where the aim is to resolve conflict or behaviour, and discuss reparation. Specifically used within youth justice as an alternative to formal prosecution, encouraging offenders to achieve empathy towards their victim, while also assuming responsibility for their behaviour. 3) Restorative/Community Conferencing Open to a wider circle of participants including the offender, victim, two families and members of the community who discuss the offence and how to repair the harm caused. Conferences hold the offender accountable, but also offer reintegration into the community.(Extracted from www.restorativejustice.org.uk)FGC in youth justice is seen as one of the most successful models of restorative justice, widely used internationally in New Zealand, Australia and parts of the USA, and gaining momentum in the UK (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p485). FGC aims to be an alte rnative to formal prosecution, providing the offender, victim and families with an opportunity to understand the offence and the implications of it. The main aim of FGC as a form of restorative justice seems to pull through to prevent younger people turn implicated in the adult criminal justice system, having countless disadvantages for their future. FGC specifically seems to be effective as it uses a holistic understanding of the offence. It incorporates collaboration between the offender, victim and community i.e. friends and family, to find suitable resolution to the offence. This perhaps creates a more person centred justice system realising each persons needs are different but equally important. A reflection of this on a wider scale is that should the reparation fit the people rather than the crime? Restorative justice practice shows that it is necessary to meet all parties needs, and not just the offenders. This relates to changes in policy which recognises the victim as a central aspect of the criminal justice process.In other areas of the criminal justice system, such as with adult offenders and serious crimes, restorative justice only moves within the already schematic systems of punishment. Restorative justice is not used to substitute traditional measures, i.e. retribution, but to work alongside them. Restorative justice for serious crimes is not used unaccompanied without formal justice, as legislation and policy do not currently permit it. Marshall (1999, p7) claims restorative justice should be used with serious offences as there is more to gain in regards to victim benefits, and also crime prevention. However, it remains to be seen if this could be functional as the only form of justice, and without punitive measures would the behaviour be negatively reinforced?Within Northern Ireland restorative justice is a relatively new concept which has been introduced under different circumstances and will be discussed below.Restorative Justice in Nor thern IrelandAs mentioned earlier restorative justice in Northern Ireland was a result of the recommendations made from the Criminal Justice Review (2000), and the Justice (NI) Act (2002) each identifying that the victim should be central in the criminal justice process. This became the state led restorative justice approach, but a community based restorative programme was unique to Northern Ireland and the Troubles at that time. Restorative justice and theory became prominent during the Northern Ireland peace process as an alternative to paramilitary violence (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p2). First introduced from the Good Friday Agreement (1999), community projects were established, in part, to remove paramilitary policing, while reflecting the desire for community-based justice (Gormally, 2006). Projects were established in both communities Northern Ireland Alternatives on the Loyalist side and Community Restorative Justice Ireland on the Republican side (Gormally, 2006). Both projec ts now operate success in full throughout Northern Ireland, each having numerous locations. The main agenda for the projects are to provide victim-offender mediation and reparation of the communities, with the community playing a substantive role in each. It is also indicated that beyond the non-violent alternatives to paramilitaries, the projects now extend into broader mediation and conflict work (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p7). Critics of the community-based projects claim that paramilitary violence still occurs, only under the respectable cover of these schemes (www.mediationnorthernIreland.org) leading to questions being asked some its legitimacy. However, evaluation of the projects show punishment violence related to crime and anti-social behaviour has decreased dramatically within each community (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p8).As well as the strengths of restorative justice and the benefits it provides it is also necessary to discuss possible draw-backs in order to be fully aware o f the system. This will be discussed below.Critical Analysis of Restorative JusticeRestorative justice, as mentioned earlier, has a strong theoretical basis and practical application. However, as it is a relatively new concept it is imperative to discuss potential shortcomings as well as benefits in relation to retributive forms of justice. The four main criticisms that will be discussed below will relate to the offender, community, victim and retribution in relation to restorative justice.OffenderThe principles of restorative justice are about redefining crime as harm and giving stakeholders a share of power (Marshall, 1999, p6). The benefits of this are well documented in practice, especially within youth justice, with the young offender more likely to complete reparation plans if they themselves have helped construct them. However, it remains to be seen if this practice is completely ethical. When facing a victim, in a room full of strangers and perhaps their own parents, a young person is likely to comply to any measures, without dispute, in order to hasten proceedings (Daly, 2002). The victim may also be revengeful or unforgiving and want a harsher punishment with pressure on the young person to agree, creating a power imbalance similar to punitive measures. The young person may then regret volunteering for the restorative process, aiding the break down of restorative plans, making the process inefficient and meaningless.CommunityPossibly one of the biggest critiques of restorative justice is its reliance on community relationships, with the community playing a large role in the reintegration of the offender back into society. Marshall (1999) claims that communities are not as integrated as they once were, with many individuals wanting greater privacy and self-sufficiency. Leading to questions who are the community and how can they play a significant role in the rehabilitation of the offender? According to Zehr and Mika (2003) the community can take a va riety of forms, for example, the vicinity where the offender and victim live, or their closer social networks of family, friends and colleagues. Braithwaites (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming claims that strong relationships within the community helps limit wrong-doing because of conscience and anxiety. For those offenders that commit crime shaming then is an organic part, not only for reintegration, but for crime prevention. Restorative justice then needs community and family relationships to be effective, if the offender does not take responsibility for their crime or feel shame, then they cannot be rehabilitated correctly or reintegrated into society. Does restorative justice then have its downfall if there is no bond to society?VictimAnother criticism of restorative justice is that it is open to offender manipulation and other symbolic implications. Is it seen as an easy option? Perhaps it is all too easy for an offender to say sorry and ask for forgiveness, without actua lly being punished appropriately for their actions. Daly and Stubbs (2006) claim that without treating offences seriously, the wrong message can be conveyed to the offender e.g. that their behaviour is acceptable, and therefore reinforced, leading the victim to feel injustice and therefore re-victimised. This is one of the major downfalls when it comes to adult restorative justice if it was the only form of justice it is open to manipulation and coercion of the offender.Retribution vs. RestorationThe main question that needs to be addressed is can restorative justice exist without retribution and the formal justice system? In regards to juvenile administration it is possible to exist just, if the offence is minor. But for adult offenders, with major offences, the process is not so simple. According to Meads psychology of punitive justice (cited in Daly, 2002, p59) there are two contrasting methods responding to crime. 1) The attitude and hostility toward the law breaker, which bri ngs attitudes of retribution, repression, and exclusion which identifies the offender as the enemy, and 2) Outlined in youth justice, is the reconstructive attitude, which tries to understand the causes of social and individual breakdown not to place punishment, but to obtain future results. It is a contrasting method which identifies differing views, which is fundamentally what restorative and retributive justice represent. The question that needs to be addressed is can restorative justice exist alone as a justice system for all crimes? According to Morris (2002, p601) it shouldnt have to meet the standards of conventional criminal justice, but just consider what it has already achieved, and what it can still achieve.It is now accepted that restorative justice should be used to integrate with traditional forms of justice, to provide an effective service to all those involved to offer a whole justice (Marshall, 1999, p8). Marshall (1999, p8) claims both forms of justice should now support each other to become a single system in which the community and formal resources can work in partnership. Nevertheless, without current legislation or policy that governs restorative justice practice, this leaves the projects that do exist in Northern Ireland, and the rest of the UK, operating in an informal basis with a lack of safeguards, resources and support to gain proper momentum.The criticisms of restorative justice practice are negative, but research nationally and internationally can show us just how successful it can be, with victims and offenders experiencing greater satisfaction with the processes and outcomes of restorative justice compared with attending court (Ashworth, 2003, p175 and Daly, 2002, p208). Properly done, restorative justice can have many benefits to not only the offender, but to the victim and community as well, providing a balance that is sure as shooting the way forward for the criminal justice system.ConclusionThe question for this assignmen t was restorative justice aims to address the consequences of offending for victims, offenders and communities in a meaningful way? Evidence shows that restorative justice works within the youth justice system, but due to restraints on policy and legislation it is limited in the adult justice service. When restorative justice is implemented properly, it is effective at meeting the needs of offenders and victims, but to decide if this is meaningful is based on an individual experience, which I do not possess.On the theory of restoration vs. retribution to combine them, rather than separate them provides all stakeholders with a whole justice, capable of meeting physical, emotional and social needs, while also considering all parties as equal.There are many criticisms of restorative justice, but evidence shows that it is effective and provides reformation far beyond that of retribution. It provides explanation of behaviour, which in itself is meaningful, and is more than traditional m ethods provide. Restorative justice is an internationally respected system, and identified as a person centred form of justice, representing all parties equally, while balancing reformation with understanding.

The Will to Win a War Essays -- World War II, Germany

For a country to be committed to a war, its citizens must likewise be committed to the grand and arduous bark of protracted conflict. War had engulfed the world, pitting world powers France and England against formidable foes Germany and Italy. Britains position in World War II was bleak Germany was pass on farther and further into British positions. Germany seemed unstoppable and the morale of the British was dipping lower and lower each day. In delivering his report on the situation at Dunkirk on June 4, 1940 to the Ho hire of Commons, Winston Churchill stated that the British would keep fighting until the cessation of the war. But his We Shall strife on the Beaches speech, written and delivered by Churchill, was also meant to induce confidence and remind the citizens that victory was fateful if all played their part. Victory, he states, shall not be a contingency if Britain is unified in its citizens support of the war. Through the use of rhetorical devices, Churchill expre sses the constitution that the citizens of Great Britain should unify and n eer falter in their steadfast dedication to the war.To start, Churchill methodically recounts the events that unfolded at Dunkirk. As he describes the tragic wipe out of allied forces, he uses repetition of the name of each different countrys forces French, British, and German are repeated to lend clarity to his report. Rather than clumping them into groups such(prenominal) as Allied forces or Axis forces, he uses each individual countrys name for the sake of lucidity. Of special note is the repetition of French. With their pour down at Dunkirk, Churchill foresaw the insulation of the French from the war. He used this repetition to warn the British citizens that the French were ... ... of the United States, Britain rebounded and claimed victory. Later Churchill recalled, It was the nation and the race dwelling nigh the globe that had the lion heart. I had the luck to be called upon to give the roar. H is words inspired the nation, and with Americas aid, succeeded in resolving one of the largest conflicts that the world had ever witnessed.Works CitedChurchill, Winston. We Shall Fight on the Beaches. Palace of Westminster, London. 4 June 1940. Speech.We Shall Fight on the Beaches. Welcome to WinstonChurchill.org. Web. 02 Jan. 2012. .BBC ON THIS DAY 30 1954 Winston Churchill Turns 80. BBC News - Home. Web. 02 Jan. 2012. . The Will to Win a War Essays -- World War II, GermanyFor a country to be committed to a war, its citizens must likewise be committed to the long and arduous struggle of protracted conflict. War had engulfed the world, pitting world powers France and England against formidable foes Germany and Italy. Britains position in World War II was bleak Germany was encroaching further and further into British positions. Germany seemed unstoppable and the morale of the British was dipping lower and lower each day. In delivering his report on the situation at Dunkirk on June 4, 1940 to the House of Commons, Winston Churchill declared that the British would keep fighting until the cessation of the war. But his We Shall Fight on the Beaches speech, written and delivered by Churchill, was also meant to induce confidence and remind the citizens that victory was inevitable if all played their part. Victory, he states, shall not be a contingency if Britain is unified in its citizens support of the war. Through the use of rhetorical devices, Churchill expresses the theme that the citizens of Great Britain should unify and never falter in their steadfast dedication to the war.To start, Churchill methodically recounts the events that unfolded at Dunkirk. As he describes the tragic defeat of Allied forces, he uses repetition of the name of each different countrys forces French, British, and German are repeated to lend clarity to his report. Rather than clumping them into groups such as Allied forces or Axis forces, he uses each individual country s name for the sake of lucidity. Of special note is the repetition of French. With their defeat at Dunkirk, Churchill foresaw the withdrawal of the French from the war. He used this repetition to warn the British citizens that the French were ... ... of the United States, Britain rebounded and claimed victory. Later Churchill recalled, It was the nation and the race dwelling around the globe that had the lion heart. I had the luck to be called upon to give the roar. His words inspired the nation, and with Americas aid, succeeded in resolving one of the largest conflicts that the world had ever witnessed.Works CitedChurchill, Winston. We Shall Fight on the Beaches. Palace of Westminster, London. 4 June 1940. Speech.We Shall Fight on the Beaches. Welcome to WinstonChurchill.org. Web. 02 Jan. 2012. .BBC ON THIS DAY 30 1954 Winston Churchill Turns 80. BBC News - Home. Web. 02 Jan. 2012. .

An Analysis of the Form and Ideology of Hedgehog in the Fog :: Film Movie Hedgehog Fog Essays

An Analysis of the Form and Ideology of Hedgehog in the FogThe animation, ?Hedgehog in the Fog?, tells the story of an inquisitive hedgehog passing through with(predicate) a wood to visit his friend the bear fella to count the stars. It has won numerous awards for it?s style and originality after it?s release by Yuri Bonsovich Norstein (1941 - to date) and his small crew at the Soyuzmultfilm studios in Moscow in 1975. ?Hedgehog in the Fog? is the fifth of Norstein?s six completed works. All find a deceptive simplicity, a faux naivetehat begs a deeper understanding of their origins and implications.Norstein has a very original, particular style to his animations and the purpose of this essay is to critically analyse the constitute and ideology of one of his animations with the intention of disc everyplaceing what it is that makes his artwork so unique and has led to him being regarded as one of the greatest animators in history?. The method by which this will be done will be to fi rstly report the elements and functions that went into forming Norstein?s animations and ?Hedgehog in the Fog? in particular, then to analyse how these elements .mix with his personalised influences to imply further meaning within his work.The hedgehog?s journey begins as he enters the wood carrying a bag of sweets for the bear, and unknowingly stalked by an owl. He pauses for a moment to entertain himself by calling into a well and listening to his echo, the owl does the same. Continuing he sees a white horse cavalry standing in the fog and is concerTheds to whether it might suffocate should it lie down, and so enters the foff.i*eIf just to ?see what it was like?. Once within, the fog itself becomes a great part of the plot, revealing and hiding a number of characters that amaze, help or alarm him, or all three. All the while the bear cub is heard calling the hedgehog, with great concern, in the distance. At one point, becoming enthralled with a large tree, the hedgehog loses his sweets, only to have them returned to him by a dog. Finally after accidentally slipping into a stream and being saved from drowning by a fish the hedgehog finds his friend the bear who fusses over him incessantly having been worried as to his whereabouts. The film ends with the hedgehog deep in thought about everything that had happened.